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After the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States in 1860, several southern states considered seceding from the union. In the southern state of Arkansas, anti-secessionists were initially strong, slavery being considered a key issue.[1] The successful bombardment of Fort Sumter by Confederate troops in seceded territory on April 12[2] swung political opinion to secession. The convention voted to secede on May 6. Arkansas then joined the Confederate States of America.[1] After significant military activity in Missouri throughout 1861, Major General Earl Van Dorn of the Confederate States Army formed the Army of the West in Arkansas in early March 1862 from forces commanded by Missouri State Guard Major General Sterling Price and Confederate Brigadier General Ben McCulloch. Van Dorn moved his army north towards the Union army of Major General Samuel R. Curtis, but was defeated at the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7 and 8.[3] After the defeat at Pea Ridge, Van Dorn moved most of the Confederate soldiers and supplies in Arkansas east of the Mississippi River and into Tennessee, leaving very little military organization in the state.[4] In May, Major General Thomas C. Hindman was placed in command of Confederate forces in the state, with a task of rebuilding Confederate strength in the area.[5] Though Hindman was successful in rebuilding Confederate strength and stabilizing the military situation in Arkansas,[6] his methods were unpopular and sometimes extralegal.[7] He was replaced by Major General Theophilus Holmes, who arrived at Little Rock on August 12.[8] A map of northwestern Arkansas. Van Buren is on the north side of the Arkansas River, with Fort Smith on the south side. Prairie Grove is on the north side of the Boston Mountains A map of northwestern Arkansas, showing locations significant to the American Civil War Hindman retained a field command under Holmes and pushed the troops under his command into northern Arkansas and southwestern Missouri.[9] His command was known as the First Corps of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi.[10] Holmes had Hindman return to Little Rock in September, leaving his troops where they were.[11] A militia officer, Brigadier General James S. Rains of the Missouri State Guard, commanded in Hindman's absence.[10] Despite winning the First Battle of Newtonia under the command of Colonel Douglas H. Cooper and Joseph O. Shelby, the Confederates in southwestern Missouri withdrew in early October as Union troops commanded by Brigadier Generals James G. Blunt and John Schofield approached.[12] The Union commands were then combined by Schofield into the Army of the Frontier.[13] Hindman returned from Little Rock on October 15.[13] Some of Schofield's men had entered Arkansas, but in early November, Schofield withdrew all of them except for Blunt's division to Springfield, Missouri. Hindman decided to attack with the Union forces divided, and after his cavalry fought with Blunt in the Battle of Cane Hill, began moving north across the Boston Mountains on December 3.[14] The mountains were high, rugged, and brushy.[15] Union troops commanded by Brigadier General Francis J. Herron began a long movement from Springfield on December 4 to reinforce Blunt.[16] Late on December 6, Hindman learned that Herron had arrived to reinforce Blunt and would be in the area the next day. In response, Hindman changed his plan to strike Herron first at Prairie Grove and then attack Blunt.[17] Instead of acting aggressively against Herron as planned on December 7, Hindman took up a defensive position and awaited Herron's assault.[18] Hindman's men fought with Herron's until Blunt's men arrived and turned the tide for the Union. Hindman realized that his battered army did not have enough food or ammunition to fight again, and with the Union having been reinforced, fell back to Van Buren beginning the night after the battle.[19] Forage for horses was scarce in the Van Buren area,[20] and Hindman sent some of his cavalry, commanded by Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke, 100 miles (160 km) to the south to Lewisburg.[21] While at Van Buren, Hindman's force also suffered greatly from disease and desertion.[20] Van Buren was located on the north bank of the Arkansas River, with Fort Smith to the southwest on the south bank of the river.[22] The Arkansas River provided a key communication and transportation pathway in a state largely devoid of infrastructure and the Arkansas River Valley was an agricultural area important for feeding the Confederate army.[23] North of the river were the Boston Mountains.[24] Pre-battle maneuvers Brigadier General James G. Blunt, commander of the Union raid on Van Buren Hindman decided that it would be impractical to keep the majority of his force north of the Arkansas River in Van Buren given the condition of his army, and pulled most of his men south of the Arkansas to Fort Smith. Hindman left one infantry regiment and some artillery in Van Buren.[25] Some Texas cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Richard Phillip Crump was posted at Dripping Springs,[21] which was about 8 mi (13 km)[25][26] north of Van Buren, with instructions to guard the roads from the north,[25] despite Crump having previously been reprimanded for inattentiveness.[21] Holmes visited the Van Buren area on December 21,[27] and ordered Hindman to withdraw his forces to Lewisburg, where the men could be better supplied via the river.[28] According to historian Ed Bearss, Hindman decided to leave the brigades of Brigadier General John S. Roane's Texas cavalry and Cooper's Native American troops in the area of Fort Smith and the Indian Territory, although Roane's brigade was soon disbanded due to heavy desertion and was replaced with a brigade of Arkansas infantry[27] commanded by Colonel Robert G. Shaver.[29] Shea instead states that the forces left behind were one infantry brigade and one cavalry regiment.[30] Hindman began to move the sick and any supplies not needed for the rearguard out of Fort Smith on December 23.[27] The main Confederate force began withdrawing on December 26, and were still loading supplies onto river transports without a sense of urgency on December 28.[31] On December 28, there were about 5,000 Confederates in the area, primarily south of the Arkansas River.[32] After resting for three days following Prairie Grove, Herron and Blunt decided to move south against Hindman with 8,000 men, although this movement was delayed by a heavy snowstorm. The weather eventually broke, and late on December 25, the two Union officers decided it was time to resume the advance. After spreading disinformation on December 26, that the Union thrust was headed for Huntsville, the movement began the next morning,[33] with 8,000 men and 30 cannons.[34][35] The Union troops traveled during cold weather and over ground that was in places covered with snow.[33] Artillery and wagons had difficulty moving through thick mud.[36] The commands of Blunt and Herron traveled separately, taking different routes.[37] Battle On the morning of the 28th, Blunt's cavalry was at the head of his force. The cavalry halted at Oliver's Store on the Telegraph Road for Blunt's infantry and artillery to catch up. Herron's cavalry joined Blunt's at the store, and Herron and Blunt interviewed local Unionists to learn of the locations of Crump's camp and outposts.[38] Herron's infantry had not arrived yet, but he had 3,000 cavalrymen present.[39] Blunt had seniority over Herron and took overall command. With the 2nd Kansas Cavalry Regiment in the lead,[40] the Union cavalrymen headed south, and 2 mi (3 km) from the store and 8 mi (13 km) from Dripping Springs, encountered some of Crump's pickets. Blunt ordered the cavalry to drive all the way to the Arkansas River.[39] Crump heard the firing and took two companies to investigate. Encountering the 2nd Kansas Cavalry 3 mi (5 km) north of their camp, Crump's patrol fled back to the camp. By the time Crump returned to prepare his surprised men for battle, the Union troopers were almost upon them.[41] Three Union units – the 2nd Kansas Cavalry, the 6th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, and the 3rd Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment – were deployed around 10:00 am,[40] and Colonel William F. Cloud brought up two mountain howitzers. After six rounds from the cannons, the Union cavalry charged.[26] Crump's Texans quickly fled, and although Crump managed to rally a force three times, the Union cavalry drove all the way to Van Buren in only an hour.[42] The pursuing cavalry, led by Cloud, halted at a hill overlooking the Arkansas River, allowing Blunt and Herron to personally catch up to the force.[43] When the Union troops charged down the hill, Herron sent part of the 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment to the east to cut off a road that the Confederates could use to retreat. By the time the Union troops entered Van Buren, most of the Confederates had already boarded steamboats on the Arkansas River or were using a ferry to cross the river.[44] Some convalescent soldiers and men from the commissary and quartermaster departments were captured by the Union soldiers in Van Buren. The steamboats withdrawing down the river had been loaded with some of Hindman's supplies before the Union attack struck, and to speed their escape, some of the cargo was thrown overboard.[45] Scouts informed Blunt that there was a bend in the river 2 mi (3 km) below Van Buren, and Cloud was sent there with a brigade and two cannons to try to intercept the steamboats.[46] The rearmost ship, Frederick Notrebe, was caught by the 2nd Kansas Cavalry. According to Shea, the Kansans fired into the ship, forcing its crew's surrender;[45] Bearss states that the ship's crew intentionally ran the ship aground and abandoned the vessel. Two more steamers, Rose Douglass[a] and Key West continued downriver. Rose Douglass was fired on and then boarded by Union cavalry,[47] and Key West surrendered at Strain's Landing 6 mi (10 km)[45] or 10 mi (16 km) below Van Buren. The vessel had stopped at the landing for unknown reasons and was then caught up to by Union cavalry.[47] |
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The 1963–64 season was Gillingham's 32nd season playing in the Football League and the 14th since the club was elected back into the League in 1950 after being voted out in 1938.[1] It was the club's sixth consecutive season in the Football League Fourth Division,[1] which had been created in 1958 when the parallel Third Division South and Third Division North were merged and reorganised into two national divisions at the third and fourth tiers of the English football league system.[2] Freddie Cox was the team's manager, a position he had held since June 1962;[3] in his first season in charge, Gillingham had finished 5th in the Fourth Division, a huge improvement over their 20th-place finish in the 1961–62 season.[4] Prior to the new season, the club signed Geoff Hudson, a 31-year-old full-back with well over a decade of Football League experience, from Crewe Alexandra.[5] Cox also signed three young players from Portsmouth, all of whom he knew from his time managing that club until 1961: Rod Taylor, a half-back aged 19, 21-year-old full-back Jimmy White, and Brian Yeo, a forward also aged 19.[6] Jimmy Boswell assisted Cox in the role of team trainer.[7] The team wore Gillingham's traditional blue shirts and white shorts, the only change in design from the previous season being the style of collar and the placement of the club badge on the shirt.[8] Redevelopment work took place at the club's home ground, Priestfield Stadium, between seasons as floodlights were installed for the first time, at a cost of £14,000 (equivalent to £310,000 in 2021).[9] The club had been one of the few in the Football League yet to install lights, which had become prevalent in English professional football since the mid-1950s, and when they were switched on for a game for the first time (September 1963) it made Gillingham the 89th out of 92 Football League clubs to play a home match under lights.[10] Gillingham's first two matches of the season were both at home to teams from the city of Bradford. The first took place on 24 August against Bradford (Park Avenue); Gordon Pulley scored Gillingham's first goal of the season and Brian Gibbs added a second to give the team a 2–0 victory.[11] Four days later, the team drew 0–0 with Bradford City; Gillingham were the only team in the Football League to concede no goals in their first two games of the season.[12] The game against Bradford City was the first of three consecutive draws for Gillingham in Fourth Division games as they were also held by Southport and Exeter City.[11] Following a win away to Bradford City and a draw away to Hartlepools United, Gillingham beat Lincoln City 1–0 on 18 September to go top of the league table on goal average.[11][13] Hudson scored the winner, the only goal he scored in more than 300 Football League matches.[14][15] At this point Gillingham had conceded only one goal in seven Fourth Division games.[13][16] The team concluded September with a victory over Darlington and a draw against Tranmere Rovers.[11] Gillingham began October with four consecutive victories, defeating Lincoln, Halifax Town, Carlisle United, and Doncaster Rovers. George Francis scored five goals in three games at the start of the month.[11] After 13 consecutive Fourth Division games without defeat, Gillingham lost for the first time on 15 October when they were beaten 3–1 by Carlisle; they were the final team in the Football League's four divisions to lose a game during the 1963–64 season.[17][18] The team won their next two matches without conceding a goal, but then lost two consecutive games without scoring one.[11] Despite the two defeats, Gillingham remained top of the Fourth Division at the end of October, one point ahead of Carlisle.[19] Gibbs was the team's top league goalscorer at this point in the season, his four goals in the month taking his total to eight.[11] Gillingham won three out of four matches in November and remained top of the division.[11][20] Gibbs scored five goals in three games, including two in a 3–1 win at home to Workington, the first time the team had scored more than twice in a game at Priestfield during the season so far.[11] On 21 December the team topped this performance by winning 5–1 at home to Southport, their biggest win of the entire season. Ron Newman scored three times, the team's only hat-trick of the season.[11][21] Gillingham's final two matches of 1963 were both against Chesterfield. On 26 December Pulley scored twice as Gillingham won 3–0 at their opponents' Saltergate stadium, and two days later Gillingham won 1–0 at Priestfield with Gibbs scoring the only goal, his 14th Fourth Division goal of the season.[11] Gillingham finished the year top of the Fourth Division, one point ahead of second-placed Carlisle. They had conceded only 15 goals, the best defensive record in the division; only four other teams in the Fourth Division had conceded fewer than 30.[22] The Goldstone Ground, Brighton Gillingham's first defeat of 1964 came at the Goldstone Ground, home of Brighton & Hove Albion. (photo 1976) |
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